Abstract
The review article presents the results of betaine and arginine use in the internal diseases, modern pediatrics, cardiology, gastroenterology, neurology and some other areas of medicine. The analysis of available data indicates the importance of studying betaine-arginine combination for experimental and clinical medicine. As a result, it can be argued that today betaine and arginine considered as substances with a safe profile, and therefore can be used for children.
References
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2. Craig SA. Betaine in human nutrition // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. — 2004 Sep. — Vol. 80 (3). — Р. 539-49.
3. Smolin L.A. et al. The use of betaine for treatment of homocystinuria // The Journal of Pediatrics. — 1981 Sep. — Vol. 99, Issue 3. — Р. 467-472.
4. Courtenay E.S. et al. Vapor pressure osmometry studies of osmolyte-protein interactions: implications for the action of osmoprotectants in vivo and for the interpretation of «osmotic stress» experiments in vitro // Biochemistry. — 2000, Apr 18. — Vol. 39 (15). — Р. 4455-71.
5. Burg M.B., Ferraris J.D. Intracellular organic osmolytes: function and regulation // J. Biol. Chem. — 2008, Mar 21. — Vol. 283 (12). — Р. 7309-13.
6. O’Donoghue N. et al. Control of choline oxidation in rat kidney mitochondria // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. — 2009. — Vol. 1787, Issue 9. — Р. 1135-1139.
7. Zaina S., Lindholm M.W., Lund G. Nutrition and aberrant DNA methylation patterns in atherosclerosis: more than just hyperhomocysteinemia // J. Nutr. — 2005 Jan. — Vol. 135 (1). — Р. 5-8.
8. Lever M. et al. Betaine and secondary events in an acute coronary syndrome cohort // PLoS One. — 2012 May. — Vol. 7, Issue 5. — Р. e37883.
9. Шульпекова Ю.О. Неалкогольна жирова хвороба печінки: патогенез, діагностика, лікування // Гастроентрологія. Ревматологія. — 2006. — № 6 (141).
10. Колесникова Е.В. Современный пациент с заболеванием печени и патологией сердечно-сосудистой системы: какой выбор сделать? // Сучасна гастроентерологія. — 2014. — № 2. — С. 85-94.
11. Barak A.J., Beckenhauer H.C. and Tuma D.J. Betaine, Ethanol, and the Liver: A Review // Alcohol. — 1996 July–Aug. — Vol. 13, Issue 4. — Р. 395-398.
12. Diehl A.M., Day C. Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis // N. Engl. J. Med. — 2017 Nov. — Vol. 23. — Р. 2063-2072.
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15. Day C.R., Kempson S.A. Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. — 2016 Jun. — Vol. 1860 (6). — Р. 1098-106.
16. Abdelmalek M.F. et al. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study // Am. J. Gastroenterol. — 2001 Sep. — Vol. 96 (9). — Vol. 2711-17.
17. Impact of Betaine on Hepatic Fibrosis and Homocysteine in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis — A Prospective, Cohort Study. — 2014. — Vol. 3.
18. Hoffman J.R. et al. Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise // J. Strength Cond. Res. — 2011 Aug. — Vol. 25 (8). — Р. 2235-41.
19. Imbard A., Benoist J.F., Blom H.J. Neural tube defects, folic acid and methylation // Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. — 2013, Sep 17. — Vol. 10 (9). — Р. 4352-89.
20. Shaw G.M., Carmichael S.L., Yang W., Selvin S. and Schaffer D.M. Periconceptional Dietary Intake of Choline and Betaine and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring // Am. J. Epidemiol. — 2004. — Vol. 160. — Р. 102-109.
21. Olsen M. et al. Effect of hyperosmotic conditions on the expression of the betaine-GABA-transporter (BGT‑1) in cultured mouse astrocytes // Neurochem. Res. — 2005 Jun. — Jul. — Vol. 30 (6-7). — Р. 855-65.
22. Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor / S.A. Lipton. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U S A. — 1997, May 27. — Vol. 94 (11). — P. 5923-28.
23. Smith M.D. et al. Inhibition of the betaine-GABA transporter (mGAT2/BGT‑1) modulates spontaneous electrographic bursting in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) // Epilepsy Res. — 2008 Mar. — Vol. 79 (1). — Р. 6-13.
24. Виноградов Н.А. Многоликая окись азота // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. — 1997. — № 2. — С. 48-50.
25. Tousoulis D., Georgakis M.K., Oikonomou E., Papageorgiou N., Zaromitidou M., Latsios G., Papaioannou S., Siasos G. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: Clinical Significance and Novel Therapeutic Approaches // Curr. Med. Chem. — 2015. — Vol. 22 (24). — Р. 2871-901.
26. Chaturvedi R. L-arginine availability regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent host defense against Helicobacter pylori / R. Chaturvedi, M. Asim, N.D. Lewis et al. // Infect. Immun. — 2007. — Vol. 75. — P. 4305-4315.
27. Coman D. New indications and controversies in arginine therapy / D. Coman, J. Yaplito-Lee, A. Boneh // Clin. Nutr. — 2008. — Vol. 27, № 4. — P. 489-496.
28. Gupta V., Gupta A., Saggu S., Divekar H.M., Grover S.K. and Kumar R. Anti-stress and Adaptogenic Activity of L-Arginine // Evid Based Complement Alternat. Med. — 2005 Mar. — Vol. 2 (1). — Р. 93-97.
29. Suchner U. Immune-modulatory actions of arginine in the critically ill / U. Suchner, D.K. Heyland, K. Peter // Br. J. Nutr. — 2002. — Vol. 87. — P. 1256-1261.
30. Khalil A., Hardman L., O Brien P. The role of arginine, homoarginine and nitric oxide in pregnancy // Amino Acids. — 2015 Sep. — Vol. 47 (9). — Р. 1715-27.
31. Morris N., Eaton B.M. Nitric oxide, the endothelium, pregnancy and pre-eclampsia // Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. — 1996. — Vol. 103. — Р. 4-15.
32. Khalil A., Hardman L., OBrien P. The role of arginine, homoarginine and nitric oxide in pregnancy // Amino Acids. — 2015 Sep. — Vol. 47 (9). — Р. 1715-27.
33. Fraser R. Pre-eclampsia and diet / In: J.J. Strain, B. Caballero, M.J. Sadler, eds The encyclopedia of human nutrition. — Academic Press, 1998. — Р. 1620-26.
34. Meher S., Duley L. Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. — 2007. — Vol. 2. — Р. CD006490.
35. Vadillo-Ortega F. Effect of supplementation during pregnancy with L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins in medical food on pre-eclampsia in high risk population: randomised controlled trial // BMJ. — 2011. — Vol. 342. — Р. d2901.
36. Mark L. Batshaw et al. Arginine-responsive asymptomatic hyperammonemia in the premature infant. Baltimore // The Journal of Pediatrics. — 1984 Jul. — Vol. 105, Issue 1. — Р. 86-91.
37. Monograph L-Arginine. — Alternative Medicine Review. — 2005. — Vol. 10, № 2. — Р. 139-147.
38. Betaine: osmolyte and methyl donor / M. Lever, S. Slow, P.M. Ueland Monograph Betaine Alternative Medicine Review. — 2003. — Vol. 8, № 2. — Р. 193-196.
2. Craig SA. Betaine in human nutrition // Am. J. Clin. Nutr. — 2004 Sep. — Vol. 80 (3). — Р. 539-49.
3. Smolin L.A. et al. The use of betaine for treatment of homocystinuria // The Journal of Pediatrics. — 1981 Sep. — Vol. 99, Issue 3. — Р. 467-472.
4. Courtenay E.S. et al. Vapor pressure osmometry studies of osmolyte-protein interactions: implications for the action of osmoprotectants in vivo and for the interpretation of «osmotic stress» experiments in vitro // Biochemistry. — 2000, Apr 18. — Vol. 39 (15). — Р. 4455-71.
5. Burg M.B., Ferraris J.D. Intracellular organic osmolytes: function and regulation // J. Biol. Chem. — 2008, Mar 21. — Vol. 283 (12). — Р. 7309-13.
6. O’Donoghue N. et al. Control of choline oxidation in rat kidney mitochondria // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. — 2009. — Vol. 1787, Issue 9. — Р. 1135-1139.
7. Zaina S., Lindholm M.W., Lund G. Nutrition and aberrant DNA methylation patterns in atherosclerosis: more than just hyperhomocysteinemia // J. Nutr. — 2005 Jan. — Vol. 135 (1). — Р. 5-8.
8. Lever M. et al. Betaine and secondary events in an acute coronary syndrome cohort // PLoS One. — 2012 May. — Vol. 7, Issue 5. — Р. e37883.
9. Шульпекова Ю.О. Неалкогольна жирова хвороба печінки: патогенез, діагностика, лікування // Гастроентрологія. Ревматологія. — 2006. — № 6 (141).
10. Колесникова Е.В. Современный пациент с заболеванием печени и патологией сердечно-сосудистой системы: какой выбор сделать? // Сучасна гастроентерологія. — 2014. — № 2. — С. 85-94.
11. Barak A.J., Beckenhauer H.C. and Tuma D.J. Betaine, Ethanol, and the Liver: A Review // Alcohol. — 1996 July–Aug. — Vol. 13, Issue 4. — Р. 395-398.
12. Diehl A.M., Day C. Cause, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis // N. Engl. J. Med. — 2017 Nov. — Vol. 23. — Р. 2063-2072.
13. Анохіна Г.А., Харченко В.В. та ін. Дієтична та медикаментозна терапія неалкогольного стеатогепатиту // Здоров’я України. — 2009. — № 6/1. — С. 55-56.
14. Mukherjee S. Betaine and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: back to the future // World J. Gastroenterol. — 2011, Aug 28. — Vol. 17 (32). — Р. 3663-3664.
15. Day C.R., Kempson S.A. Betaine chemistry, roles, and potential use in liver disease // Biochim. Biophys. Acta. — 2016 Jun. — Vol. 1860 (6). — Р. 1098-106.
16. Abdelmalek M.F. et al. Betaine, a promising new agent for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a pilot study // Am. J. Gastroenterol. — 2001 Sep. — Vol. 96 (9). — Vol. 2711-17.
17. Impact of Betaine on Hepatic Fibrosis and Homocysteine in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis — A Prospective, Cohort Study. — 2014. — Vol. 3.
18. Hoffman J.R. et al. Effect of 15 days of betaine ingestion on concentric and eccentric force outputs during isokinetic exercise // J. Strength Cond. Res. — 2011 Aug. — Vol. 25 (8). — Р. 2235-41.
19. Imbard A., Benoist J.F., Blom H.J. Neural tube defects, folic acid and methylation // Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. — 2013, Sep 17. — Vol. 10 (9). — Р. 4352-89.
20. Shaw G.M., Carmichael S.L., Yang W., Selvin S. and Schaffer D.M. Periconceptional Dietary Intake of Choline and Betaine and Neural Tube Defects in Offspring // Am. J. Epidemiol. — 2004. — Vol. 160. — Р. 102-109.
21. Olsen M. et al. Effect of hyperosmotic conditions on the expression of the betaine-GABA-transporter (BGT‑1) in cultured mouse astrocytes // Neurochem. Res. — 2005 Jun. — Jul. — Vol. 30 (6-7). — Р. 855-65.
22. Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor / S.A. Lipton. — Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U S A. — 1997, May 27. — Vol. 94 (11). — P. 5923-28.
23. Smith M.D. et al. Inhibition of the betaine-GABA transporter (mGAT2/BGT‑1) modulates spontaneous electrographic bursting in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) // Epilepsy Res. — 2008 Mar. — Vol. 79 (1). — Р. 6-13.
24. Виноградов Н.А. Многоликая окись азота // Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. — 1997. — № 2. — С. 48-50.
25. Tousoulis D., Georgakis M.K., Oikonomou E., Papageorgiou N., Zaromitidou M., Latsios G., Papaioannou S., Siasos G. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine: Clinical Significance and Novel Therapeutic Approaches // Curr. Med. Chem. — 2015. — Vol. 22 (24). — Р. 2871-901.
26. Chaturvedi R. L-arginine availability regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent host defense against Helicobacter pylori / R. Chaturvedi, M. Asim, N.D. Lewis et al. // Infect. Immun. — 2007. — Vol. 75. — P. 4305-4315.
27. Coman D. New indications and controversies in arginine therapy / D. Coman, J. Yaplito-Lee, A. Boneh // Clin. Nutr. — 2008. — Vol. 27, № 4. — P. 489-496.
28. Gupta V., Gupta A., Saggu S., Divekar H.M., Grover S.K. and Kumar R. Anti-stress and Adaptogenic Activity of L-Arginine // Evid Based Complement Alternat. Med. — 2005 Mar. — Vol. 2 (1). — Р. 93-97.
29. Suchner U. Immune-modulatory actions of arginine in the critically ill / U. Suchner, D.K. Heyland, K. Peter // Br. J. Nutr. — 2002. — Vol. 87. — P. 1256-1261.
30. Khalil A., Hardman L., O Brien P. The role of arginine, homoarginine and nitric oxide in pregnancy // Amino Acids. — 2015 Sep. — Vol. 47 (9). — Р. 1715-27.
31. Morris N., Eaton B.M. Nitric oxide, the endothelium, pregnancy and pre-eclampsia // Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. — 1996. — Vol. 103. — Р. 4-15.
32. Khalil A., Hardman L., OBrien P. The role of arginine, homoarginine and nitric oxide in pregnancy // Amino Acids. — 2015 Sep. — Vol. 47 (9). — Р. 1715-27.
33. Fraser R. Pre-eclampsia and diet / In: J.J. Strain, B. Caballero, M.J. Sadler, eds The encyclopedia of human nutrition. — Academic Press, 1998. — Р. 1620-26.
34. Meher S., Duley L. Nitric oxide for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. — 2007. — Vol. 2. — Р. CD006490.
35. Vadillo-Ortega F. Effect of supplementation during pregnancy with L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins in medical food on pre-eclampsia in high risk population: randomised controlled trial // BMJ. — 2011. — Vol. 342. — Р. d2901.
36. Mark L. Batshaw et al. Arginine-responsive asymptomatic hyperammonemia in the premature infant. Baltimore // The Journal of Pediatrics. — 1984 Jul. — Vol. 105, Issue 1. — Р. 86-91.
37. Monograph L-Arginine. — Alternative Medicine Review. — 2005. — Vol. 10, № 2. — Р. 139-147.
38. Betaine: osmolyte and methyl donor / M. Lever, S. Slow, P.M. Ueland Monograph Betaine Alternative Medicine Review. — 2003. — Vol. 8, № 2. — Р. 193-196.
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