MicroRNA in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, prospects for application for diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression involved in embryogenesis and cardiovascular system functioning. Specific miRNAs, such as miR-182-5p and miR-5187-5p, have been identified as differential biomarkers in coronary arteries damage. Additionally, miRNAs including miR-106b/25, -17/92a, -21/590-5p, -126*, and -45 have shown potential as predictors of unstable angina. Elevated miR-146 levels indicate platelet activation and a high risk of recurrent myocardial infarction. The regulation of mRNA functions associated with dilated and diabetic cardiomyopathies is significantly influenced by miR-21. Synthetic miRNAs are being developed as promising therapeutic agents: miR-494 for ischemic stroke, miR-33 for metabolic syndrome, and miR-44 for cerebrovascular atherosclerosis. Ongoing research is exploring miR-210 for angina treatment, while miR-494, miR-33, and miR-44 are being investigated for their roles in treating ischemic stroke, metabolic syndrome, and heart failure. Furthermore, miRNA antagonists fixed on stents are under consideration as effective tools for thrombosis prevention. Experimental miRNA regulators are being tested in regenerative cardiology, focusing on heart remodeling caused by arterial hypertension or acute myocardial infarction. This review highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNAs in cardiovascular medicine, emphasizing their role in personalized treatment strategies.